Ed Conway demonstrates how sand, iron, salt, oil, copper, and lithium have influenced the fate of empires and civilizations over millennia. These materials were crucial for the prosperity and power of nations and have significantly shaped the development of human civilization.

The book illustrates how these six raw materials form the foundation of today's society. From providing clean drinking water and electricity to manufacturing vital vaccines - our modern life would be impossible without these materials. Conway emphasizes their central role in our daily lives.

Conway looks at future challenges in dealing with these raw materials. The struggle for control and access to these materials will significantly influence our future. The book encourages thinking about sustainable use and innovative solutions to reduce dependence on these raw materials and secure a sustainable future.