Starr explores the development and decline of various ancient civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, India, and China. He examines the factors that contributed to their growth, such as technological advancements and trade, as well as the reasons for their eventual decline, including invasions and internal strife.

The book highlights how ancient civilizations were not isolated entities but were interconnected through trade, warfare, and cultural exchanges. This theme emphasizes the importance of understanding the global context of ancient history and how different societies influenced each other.

Starr incorporates the latest archaeological and historical findings to provide a revised view of ancient history. This includes new insights into early human societies, the Jewish revolt against Rome, and the end of the Roman Empire. This theme underscores the dynamic nature of historical research and the importance of continually updating our understanding of the past.