Understanding China's current ambitions for regional and global dominance requires a look back at its history. Chinese leaders interpret international relations through the lens of their ancient past, a time when constant warfare was the norm. To ensure their security, rulers sought absolute power and territorial expansion.

This historical perspective draws parallels with the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, mirroring the current tensions between the rising power of China and the established power of the United States. However, it's important to note that ancient Chinese warfare was even more relentless and brutal than Greek conflicts. During the Warring States period in China from 475-221 BC, rulers developed a totalitarian control over society to mobilize for total war. The victor, Qin Shihuangdi, established the first centralized Chinese empire in 221 BC, a regime based on tyranny and enslavement of the people. His goal of "Grand Unification" under absolute rule set the standard for future dynasties.

While Western strategists ponder whether war between powers is inevitable, Chinese thinkers lean towards an offensive realist view, assuming an endless competition for power. Their aim is to maximize China's dominance to fulfill the historical mission of establishing Chinese hegemony over "All Under Heaven." Modern concepts like the "China Dream" and "World of Great Harmony" echo the long-standing chauvinistic goals of Chinese civilization since ancient times.

Historically, periods of unity under strong Chinese rulers have alternated with eras of division and civil war. However, the consistent goal was for the Chinese emperor to bring all regions under his control. The idea of coexistence between independent states was foreign.

To fully grasp China's current aggressive policies, it's crucial to understand that its leaders still hold the mindset of ancient imperial China. They believe they have the right to regain regional dominance in Asia, especially after the humiliations inflicted by Western powers and Japan in modern times. The establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 was driven by the desire to recover lost glory. While the U.S. strives to maintain postwar primacy, China is determined to usher in a new Sino-centric global order as the existing hegemon declines. This sets the stage for an inevitable clash between the ambitions of these two major powers.