Dostoevsky masterfully portrays Raskolnikov's descent into madness after committing murder. Plagued by guilt and paranoia, his mental and physical health deteriorates, showcasing the devastating effects of transgression on the human psyche. The reader is taken on a journey through Raskolnikov's delirious state, experiencing his anxieties, hallucinations, and the constant fear of being caught.

The novel grapples with the complex question of whether the ends justify the means. Raskolnikov justifies his crime with a self-developed theory of 'extraordinary men,' believing himself above conventional morality. However, his guilt and the ensuing consequences challenge this belief, forcing both him and the reader to confront the true weight of his actions.

Though initially unrepentant, Raskolnikov's path takes a gradual turn towards confession and acceptance of punishment. This transformation is significantly influenced by Sonia, a young woman forced into prostitution, who embodies compassion and faith. Dostoevsky suggests that true redemption can be found through acknowledging one's sins, accepting responsibility, and seeking forgiveness.