The emerging world order is facing distinct challenges because of the varied histories and perspectives of major powers. No country has had a more ambivalent impact on international relations than the United States, which champions democratic values while also engaging in pragmatic diplomacy. Europe, long the birthplace of concepts like the nation-state and balance of power, can no longer lead the new order due to its weakened influence. Russia has always been an outlier, never fully integrating into the European system.

China is now stepping into a multipolar world, following centuries of unity under imperial rule. Meanwhile, India and Japan are navigating the complexities of the new order after prolonged periods of isolation. With so many competing visions, this new order is likely to be fragmented and volatile, echoing past multi-state systems. However, globalization links the world in unprecedented ways.

Balancing national interests with global cooperation on critical issues such as nuclear proliferation, climate change, and economic stability will be essential. For the U.S., this involves the challenging task of reconciling differing perspectives while relinquishing unilateral power. Building this intricate international order will require statesmen from diverse cultures to find common ground.

Reflecting on past orders offers valuable lessons for managing change. Yet, each generation must ultimately chart its own course based on its unique circumstances.