This dichotomy forms the backbone of Sarmiento's analysis. He sees the cities, influenced by European enlightenment ideals, as representing progress and civilization. In contrast, the rural Pampas, home to the gaucho culture embodied by Quiroga, represent barbarism, a force hindering Argentina's advancement. Sarmiento argues that Quiroga's ruthlessness and the caudillos' (strongmen) dominance are symptomatic of this pervasive barbarism, hindering the nation's development.

Sarmiento posits that Argentina's geography, particularly the vast, untamed Pampas, plays a crucial role in shaping the national character. He argues that the isolation and harsh conditions of the plains breed a culture of violence and independence, embodied by the gaucho, which in turn fuels the rise of caudillos like Quiroga. This geographical determinism emphasizes the challenges Argentina faces in its pursuit of a more civilized and European model of society.

For Sarmiento, the path to progress lies in embracing European ideals, particularly through education. He sees education as the key to taming the 'barbaric' tendencies he observes and promoting a more civilized, democratic, and progressive society. This belief underscores his deep admiration for European culture and his conviction that Argentina must emulate its models to achieve true progress.