Unlike many plays where a single hero drives the action, 'Fuente Ovejuna' highlights the strength of collective resistance. The entire village, united by shared suffering and the desire for justice, participates in the Commander's assassination. When interrogated, they famously reply 'Fuente Ovejuna did it,' demonstrating an unbreakable bond and protecting each other from retribution.

The play throws into sharp relief the stark contrast between the pursuit of justice and the abuse of power. The Commander, representing the corrupt nobility, operates with impunity, exploiting the villagers and violating their basic rights. The villagers' act of rebellion, though extreme, is presented as a desperate act to reclaim their dignity and attain justice.

Amidst the political turmoil, the play explores themes of love and honor, particularly through the relationship of Laurencia and Frondoso. Laurencia's courage in defending her honor against the Commander's advances and Frondoso's willingness to challenge authority for love add another layer to the play's exploration of resistance.