One of the central ideas in "Moonwalking with Einstein" is the effectiveness of ancient memory techniques, such as the memory palace. These methods, used by mental athletes, can significantly enhance one's ability to remember vast amounts of information. Foer demonstrates how these techniques are not just for the elite but can be learned and applied by anyone to improve their memory.

Foer delves into the scientific research behind memory, explaining how our brains store and retrieve information. He explores the neurological basis of memory, the role of attention and emotion in memory formation, and the differences between short-term and long-term memory. This scientific perspective provides a deeper understanding of how memory works and why certain techniques are effective.

Another key theme is the relationship between memory and identity. Foer argues that our memories are fundamental to our sense of self. The book explores how memories shape our personal narratives and influence our behavior and decisions. By improving our memory, we can gain better control over our lives and enhance our personal and professional growth.