Through Seldon's development of psychohistory, the novel explores how breakthrough scientific discoveries can have far-reaching societal implications. The story delves into the moral obligations of scientists when their work could potentially reshape civilization, and the delicate balance between pursuing knowledge and managing its consequences.

The layered society of Trantor serves as a microcosm of the Empire, revealing how different social classes, political factions, and power structures interact. The novel examines how these relationships influence historical events and how knowledge becomes a currency more valuable than wealth.

The central concept of psychohistory raises profound questions about whether human behavior can be predicted and if individual choices matter in the grand scheme of history. The story explores the tension between statistical certainty and personal agency in shaping humanity's future.