In a society increasingly focused on conformity and academic achievement, Southall examines how normal variations in child behavior have become medicalized. She demonstrates how cultural expectations and institutional demands have shaped our understanding of "normal" behavior, potentially leading to overdiagnosis and unnecessary interventions.

The author critically analyzes the subjective nature of ADHD diagnosis, highlighting the absence of definitive biological markers and the reliance on behavioral observations. She explores how cultural biases, varying interpretations of behavior, and differing environmental contexts can influence diagnostic decisions.

Southall advocates for a more nuanced, holistic approach to addressing ADHD-like behaviors. She explores alternative interventions beyond medication, including educational accommodations, environmental modifications, and family-based approaches, emphasizing the importance of understanding each child's unique circumstances.