The poem vividly depicts the complex web of loyalties and betrayals that define El Cid's journey. Wrongfully exiled by King Alfonso VI, El Cid remains a loyal servant, even when fighting against Moors on behalf of other rulers. His own men, however, are not always as steadfast. The infamous scene where his sons-in-law, the Infantes de Carrión, brutally abuse his daughters showcases the depths of treachery El Cid faces, contrasting sharply with the unwavering loyalty he receives from his true companions.

Set against the backdrop of the Reconquista, the Christian reconquest of Spain from the Moors, the poem reflects the prevailing religious and political climate of the era. While El Cid exhibits military prowess against the Moors, the poem also portrays instances of coexistence and even respect between the two cultures. This nuanced approach offers a glimpse into the complex realities of a society grappling with religious and cultural clashes.

Stripped of his honor by a jealous court and a suspicious king, El Cid's ultimate goal is to regain his rightful place in society. Through acts of courage, military victories, and unwavering loyalty to his king (despite facing injustices), El Cid gradually rebuilds his reputation. The poem emphasizes how true honor is earned through action and unwavering moral character, even when confronted with adversity.