The book examines how mutual security concerns and power dynamics shaped the relationship between Russia and Ukraine. Russia's persistent fear of NATO expansion and Western influence in its traditional sphere of influence collided with Ukraine's aspirations for sovereignty and self-determination, creating an escalating cycle of tension and mistrust that ultimately contributed to armed conflict.

D'Anieri explores how Ukraine's gradual embrace of democratic values and Western alignment contrasted sharply with Russia's authoritarian trajectory under Putin. This divergence in political development became a crucial factor in the deteriorating relationship, as it highlighted fundamental differences in national vision and values between the two nations.

The analysis reveals how the dissolution of the Soviet Union left unresolved questions about regional influence and authority. Russia's attempts to maintain dominance over its former territories clashed with the emergence of independent states seeking their own path, creating a complex web of political, economic, and social tensions that eventually erupted into open conflict.