The novel intricately weaves together the manipulation of natural resources with political dominance. The spice melange, produced only on Arrakis, becomes the focal point of a complex power struggle, demonstrating how control over environmental resources shapes political landscapes and drives imperial ambitions. The Fremen's intimate knowledge of the desert ecology becomes a powerful weapon in this multilayered conflict.

Through Paul's transformation into Muad'Dib, the novel explores the intersection of genetic manipulation, religious prophecy, and human potential. His journey challenges traditional notions of predestination while examining how religious beliefs can be both a tool for control and a catalyst for revolution. The Bene Gesserit's breeding program raises questions about the limits of human consciousness and the price of transcendence.

The harsh environment of Arrakis serves as a crucible for examining how cultures adapt and evolve under extreme conditions. The Fremen's sophisticated survival techniques and social structures demonstrate the intricate relationship between environment and cultural development. The clash between off-world and native populations highlights themes of colonialism and the necessity of cultural adaptation for survival.