Fanon argues that colonialism is inherently a violent and dehumanizing system. It not only exploits the colonized people economically and politically but also seeks to erase their culture, history, and very sense of self. The colonized are treated as less than human, reduced to mere objects of exploitation and control. This dehumanization, Fanon argues, creates a profound psychological trauma that permeates every aspect of the colonized person's existence.

In one of the book's most controversial arguments, Fanon contends that violence is an inevitable and even cathartic part of the decolonization process. He argues that the colonized can only reclaim their humanity and forge a new identity by meeting the colonizer's violence with their own. This violence, he suggests, is not simply a means to an end but also a way for the colonized to purge themselves of the feelings of inferiority and powerlessness instilled by the colonial system.

Fanon envisions decolonization as more than just a political process; it is also a cultural and psychological revolution. He argues that the newly independent nations must not simply replicate the structures of their former colonizers. Instead, they must strive to create new, more equitable societies based on their own unique cultures and values. This means rejecting Western models of development and embracing the creativity and ingenuity of the colonized people.