Roxborough critically examines modernization theories, which suggest that developing nations can achieve progress by following the same path as developed countries. He highlights the limitations of these theories, arguing that they often overlook the unique socio-economic and historical contexts of developing nations. By challenging the assumptions of modernization theories, Roxborough encourages a more nuanced understanding of development.

Central to the book is the exploration of dependency theory, which posits that the economic development of developing nations is hindered by their dependence on developed countries. Roxborough explains how historical and contemporary relationships, characterized by unequal exchange and resource extraction, perpetuate underdevelopment. This theory underscores the importance of examining global power dynamics and their impact on development.

Roxborough delves into the internal factors that contribute to underdevelopment, such as social structures and political systems. He analyzes rural class relations, the role of the state, and the influence of the armed forces, providing a comprehensive understanding of the complexities within developing societies. By examining peasant movements and revolutions, Roxborough illustrates the diverse ways in which societies strive for social and economic justice.